Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) of the thorax is a diagnostic method that provides better visualization of thoracic organs and easier detection of pathological changes compared to chest radiography. The advancement of multislice computed tomography has led to the ability to image the thorax in high resolution with a single breath and with an acceptable radiation dose. The high resolution of the airways and pulmonary nodules allows for the implementation of a low-dose protocol for the lungs, exposing the patient to a minimal radiation dose while ensuring a quality diagnosis. Low-dose CT is a painless and non-invasive screening test that takes very little time. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among all cancers, with smoking being the most common cause. It is important to recognize it in the early stages to increase the chances of a cure, thus timely detection and differentiation of nodular lesions of the lung parenchyma is crucial. For this reason, a National Program has been established that uses low-dose CT screening for high-risk groups. These include individuals aged between 50 and 75 who are current smokers or former smokers who quit within the past 15 years. Additionally, it is important to highlight the significance of incidental findings during screening, such as coronary artery calcifications, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial lung diseases. Low-dose CT scanning is technically similar to routine CT chest scanning, so it does not require additional training. The goal is to provide a quality image on which small pulmonary nodules can be detected and measured, using the lowest possible radiation dose. Low-dose CT screening is still in the early stages of application and, despite its positive aspects, requires further research.