Pneumothorax is air pocket between the two layers of the pleura and may occur for reasons that are impossible to detect. Normally the pressure in the pleural space is lower than the pressure inside the lungs. When air enters the pleural space, the pressure in the pleura becomes higher than in the lung and the lung partially or completely collapse. Sometimes most or all of the lung collapses which leads to immediate and severe dyspnea. This paper describes the anatomy and physiology of the lungs, and pathophysiology of the occurrence of pneumothorax. Included are the types of pneumothorax, process of diagnosis and the treatment of pneumothorax. Also displayed in this paper are health care of patients from hospital admission, preoperative care, health care during surgery and postoperative care, and the most common post-operative problems. Through the paper are showed nursing interventions that contribute to a faster recovery of the patient. Nurse is a member of the multidisciplinary team who care for patients. Particularly important is its role as an educator and support to the patient and his family.